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Orbital current has attracted significant attention in recent years due to its potential for energy-efficient magnetization control without the need for materials with strong spin–orbit coupling. However, the fundamental mechanisms governing orbital transport remain elusive. In this study, we systematically explore orbital transport in Ti/Ni bilayers through orbital pumping, drawing an analogy to spin pumping. The orbital current is generated and injected into the Ti layer via the microwave-driven orbital dynamics in Ni, facilitated by its strong spin–orbit correlation. We employed thickness-dependent ferromagnetic resonance measurements and angular-dependent inverse orbital Hall effect (IOHE) detection to probe orbital transport in Ti based on the conventional spin-pumping methodology. The observed enhancement in the damping factor indicates an orbital-diffusion length of ∼5.3 ± 3.7 nm, while IOHE-based estimation suggests a value of around 4.0 ± 1.2 nm, which confirms its short orbital-diffusion length. Furthermore, oblique Hanle measurements in the longitudinal configuration reveal an orbital relaxation time of approximately 16 ps. Our results establish that orbital pumping, analogous to the conventional spin-pumping framework, can serve as a robust technique for elucidating orbital transport mechanisms, paving the way for the design of efficient spin-orbitronic devices. 

Dithienylethenes (DTEs) are a promising class of organic photoswitches that can be used to create crystalline solids with properties controlled by light. However, the ability of DTEs to adopt multiple conformations, only one of which is photoactive, complicates the rational design of these materials. Herein, the synthesis and structural characterization of 19 crystalline solids containing a single DTE molecule are described. A novelD–Danalysis of the molecular geometries obtained from rotational potential energy surface calculations and the ensemble of experimental structures were used to construct a crystal landscape for DTE. Of the 19 crystal structures, 17 contained photoinactive DTE rotamers and only 2 were photoactive. These results highlight the challenges associated with the design of these materials. Overall, theD–Danalysis described herein provides rapid, effective and intuitive means of linking the molecular structure to photoactivity that could be applied more broadly to afford a general strategy for producing photoactive diarylethene-based crystalline solids. 

The organic salt ( S )-nicotinium 2,6-dihydroxybenzoate undergoes reversible single crystal to single crystal phase transition at 104 K. The phase transition was monitored using temperature dependent single crystal X-ray diffraction and was attributed to symmetry breaking translations and rotations of the crystal components. 

Emotions significantly impact human physical and mental health, and, therefore, emotion recognition has been a popular research area in neuroscience, psychology, and medicine. In this paper, we preprocess the raw signals acquired by millimeter-wave radar to obtain high-quality heartbeat and respiration signals. Then, we propose a deep learning model incorporating a convolutional neural network and gated recurrent unit neural network in combination with human face expression images. The model achieves a recognition accuracy of 84.5% in person-dependent experiments and 74.25% in person-independent experiments. The experiments show that it outperforms a single deep learning model compared to traditional machine learning algorithms.